Iifowuni zokuqala eziye zangena kwimarike kwiminyaka yee-90s bezenziwe ngeplastiki ngaphandle. Njengoko iminyaka ihambile, kwaye abavelisi befuna ukufikelela kuluntu olufumileyo, iplastiki ithathelwe indawo yile iglasi kunye nealuminium.
Iglasi kunye nealuminium, kunye neplastiki, zezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni iifowuni eziphathwayo, kodwa ayizizo zodwa. Ukuba sijonga ngaphakathi, singafumana ezinye izinto obungayi kucinga ngazo ebomini obungaphakathi, njengegolide. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi zeziphi izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-smartphoneNdiyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.
I-smartphone iqulethe malunga nemathiriyeli eluhlaza engama-60. Phakathi kwazo, i-cobalt kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ezi zinto zivelisiweyo zimbiwa kumazwe ambalwa emvelaphi. Umsebenzi onzima kwaye onzima ngamanye amaxesha usongela ubomi, kwaye hayi abantu abadala kuphela, kodwa nabaninzi babantwana ababandakanyekayo ekukhutshweni.
Njengokuba iminyaka ihambile, inani lemisebenzi ii-smartphones ezisinika zona ziye zaba sisixhobo esikunye, ukuze iminyaka iqhubeke, indlela yokusebenzisa ezi zixhobo ikude nokuncipha. Ukongeza, ngokungafaniyo nezizukulwana zokuqala zeeselfowuni ezithi zifike kwintengiso kwii-90s, kule mihla azisenakuthathelwa ingqalelo njengezinto zokunethezeka.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukwenza ii-smartphones
Silicon
Ukuba sithetha ngezinto zokwenza izinto ezinika ubomi kwi-smartphone, kufuneka sithethe nge-silicon. Le nto imele iphantse ibe yi-25% yezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo ekwenziweni kwe-smartphone. Kukwonga kakhulu kuba ifumaneka phantse kwiipesenti ezingama-30 zomhlaba.
I-Silicon, ebisetyenziswa kumzi mveliso we-elektroniki ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-70, ivumele ishishini ukuba liyeke ngokuxhomekeke kwimijikelezo yendabuko edityanisiweyo ngesiqwenga esinye esinoxanduva lokuqhuba uninzi lweenkqubo kwaye zibizwa ngokuba yi-chip. ).
Esinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni i-silicon yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswayo xa kusenziwa izixhobo ze-elektroniki kungenxa yeempawu zayo ezintle njenge-semiconductor, kuba iqhuba ii-elektroniki ngaphandle koncedo.
Plástico
Iplastiki isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iziqwenga zangaphakathi ze-smartphone. Kodwa, ngakumbi kwiimodeli ezingabizi kakhulu, zisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo.
Hierro
Intsimbi isetyenziswa ikakhulu kuzo zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokufaka izinto ezahlukeneyo eziyinxalenye yeefowuni. Ifunyanwa ikakhulu kumazwe afana neBrazil, China, Australia kunye ne-India.
IAluminiyam
Isetyenziselwa ipleyiti yokukhusela ukukhusela i-elektroniki kwimitha ye-electromagnetic evela kwi-eriyali. Ukongeza, ikwasetyenziselwa ulwakhiwo lwe-chassis kunye nolwakhiwo lwesiphelo. Amazwe aphambili apho kufumaneka khona ialuminium yiJamaica, China, Russia ne Canada.
ICopper
Akukho nto singayithetha ngobhedu ongayaziyo. Ubhedu lusetyenziselwa ikakhulu iintambo kunye neebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo. I-Chile, i-China kunye ne-United States ngabona bavelisi baphambili kwihlabathi liphela.
Khokela
Ukongeza kwi-tin, ilothe ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza ezinye ii-solders esinokuthi sizifumane ngaphakathi kwii-smartphones ngenxa yokuhamba kwayo.
Izinki
I-Zinc ifumaneka kwi-alloy ene-aluminium kunye nobhedu esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwemakrofoni kunye nezithethi. Isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweebhetri. I-China, iPeru kunye ne-Australia kulapho uninzi lwemveliso zehlabathi ziveliswa khona.
Tin
Isetyenziswa njenge-solder edibanisa izinto ze-smartphone kumaleko obhedu webhodi. Isetyenziselwa ukudala umaleko kumphezulu wescreen ovumela ukuba umbane wemizimba yethu uqhutyelwe, apho iprosesa iguqulela ukuphendula xa ucofa kwelinye icandelo lescreen apho izinto zenkqubo yokusebenza ziboniswayo.
I-China, i-Indonesia ne-Peru ngawona mazwe aphambili apho kufunyanwa khona lo mbandela.
Umnxeba
I-Nickel isetyenziselwa ukwenza iibhetri esinokuzifumana kwizixhobo ezininzi ze-elektroniki, hayi kwii-smartphones kuphela. Ezi zinto zaqala ukusetyenziselwa ukubuyisela endaweni yelothe, izinto ezinobungozi obuninzi ebantwini.
Barium
Isetyenziselwa ukuhombisa abaqhubi bombane
IPalladium
Isetyenziselwe imiphezulu yokunxibelelana phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Amazwe aphambili emvelaphi: Canada, Mzantsi Afrika nase Russia.
Isilivere
Isetyenziswa kwimigca eziqhubayo yesekethe eprintiweyo. Amazwe aphambili emvelaphi: iPeru, iMexico, iTshayina, iAustralia.
Golide
Isetyenziswe kunxibelelwano lwe-smartphone olukwiSIM khadi nakwibhetri. Iimbasa zeMidlalo yeOlimpiki yaseTokyo ka-2020 (eyayibanjelwe ngonyaka ka-2021 ngenxa yobhubhane we-coronavirus), zenziwa kuphela ngegolide eyafunyanwa kwii-smartphones ezazinikezelwe ngabemi baseJapan ukuze zisetyenziselwe ukuphinda zisetyenziswe.
Amazwe aphambili emvelaphi: China, Mzantsi Afrika, Australia, United States.
ICobalt
Isetyenziselwe ibhetri.
Amazwe aphambili emvelaphi: IDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, China.
Tantalum
Isetyenziswa njenge condenser.
Amazwe aphambili emvelaphi: IDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, Brazil.
IGalio
Isetyenziswe kwii-LEDs (ukukhanya okukhanyisa ukukhanya) njengokukhanya kwesikrini okanye ukukhanya kwekhamera.
Ilizwe eliphambili lemvelaphi: Kazakhstan.
Indio
Isetyenziswe kwizikrini zeLCD. Isinyithi esinqabileyo kakhulu kwaye amazwe aphambili okuvela eChina, Canada nasePeru.
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba
Isixhobo esinye sinemathiriyeli esixhenxe ekhethwe yiKhomishini ye-EU njenge "zinto ezingafunekiyo ezingafunekiyo" okanye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ngo-2014 kwaye ezinqabileyo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi zifunyanwa phantsi kobukhoboka beemafiya.
Kwamanye amazwe, ezi zinto zifunyanwa kwimigodi kwindawo ekumgangatho ophantsi kakhulu yokhuseleko kwaye nalapho kungasetyenziswa iimaski okanye iimpahla zokhuselo. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokuba umvuzo uphantsi kakhulu, abantwana kufuneka basebenze iiyure ezininzi ngemini kwaye kufuneka bazikhangelele izinto zabo ngaphandle kwezokhuseleko.
Iifowuni eziphathwayo ziqulethe ezinye izinyithi ezinqabileyo, umzekelo, i-neodymium kunye ne-cerium. Ezi zisetyenziselwa izixa ezincinci kwimakrofoni okanye kwizithethi. Ukukhangelwa kwezi zinto kuya kusiba nzima kwaye kuyingozi, kungoko kukhangelwa ezinye iindlela zokuyeka ukuxhomekeka kuzo.
Ukunyamekelwa kwendalo
Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba yi-13% yabasebenzisi abagcina i-smartphone yabo ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-2. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba abasebenzisi bayazazi zonke izinto eziyimfuneko zokwenza i-smartphone kunye neemeko apho ezinye zazo zifunyenwe, banokucinga ngaphezulu kwesinye ukuba bahlaziye unyaka nonyaka okanye yonke iminyaka emibini yemodeli.