Omakhalekhukhwini bokuqala abangena emakethe maphakathi neminyaka yama-90s ikakhulukazi babenziwe ngepulasitiki ngaphandle. Njengoba iminyaka idlulile, futhi abakhiqizi bebefuna ukufinyelela emphakathini ocebile, indawo yepulasitiki ithathelwe indawo ingilazi ne-aluminium.
Ingilazi ne-aluminium, kanye nopulasitiki, yizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni amafoni omakhalekhukhwini, kodwa akuzona zodwa. Uma sibheka ngaphakathi, singathola izinto ezithile ongeke uzicabange empilweni engaphakathi, njengegolide. Uma ufuna ukwazi yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ukwenza i-smartphone, Ngikumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.
I-smartphone iqukethe izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaba ngu-60. Phakathi kwabo, i-cobalt nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile. Lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa zimbiwa emazweni ambalwa avela kuwo. Umsebenzi onzima futhi onzima kwesinye isikhathi usongela impilo, hhayi nje kubantu abadala kuphela, kepha nangabantwana abaningi ababambe iqhaza ekukhishweni.
Njengoba iminyaka idlulile, inani lemisebenzi esinikezwa yi-Smartphones isibe yidivayisi ebanzi, ngakho-ke njengoba iminyaka ihamba, umkhuba wokusebenzisa lawa madivayisi awukapheli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nezizukulwane zokuqala zama-mobiles ezangena emakethe ngeminyaka yama-90s, kulezi zinsuku azisakwazi ukubhekwa njengezinto zokunethezeka.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza ama-Smartphones
USilicon
Uma sikhuluma ngezinto zokwakha izinto ezinikeza impilo ku-smartphone, kufanele sikhulume nge-silicon. Le nto imele cishe ama-25% wezinto ezisetshenzisiwe ekwenziweni kwe-smartphone. Futhi kuyonga kakhulu ngoba kutholakala cishe ku-30% woqweqwe lomhlaba.
I-Silicon, ebisetshenziswe embonini ye-elekthronikhi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70, ivumele imboni ukuthi iyeke ngokuya ngamasekethe ahlanganisiwe wendabuko ngocezu olulodwa olubhekele ukwenza izinqubo eziningi futhi lubizwe nge-chip (akukho okuxakene neprosesa ).
Esinye sezizathu sokuthi kungani i-silicon ingenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenziweni kwamadivayisi kagesi kungenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle njenge-semiconductor, ngoba iqhuba ama-electron ngaphandle kosizo.
Ipulasitiki
Ipulasitiki isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukujoyina izingcezu zangaphakathi ze-smartphone. Kepha futhi, ikakhulukazi kumamodeli ashibhile, asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo.
hierro
I-Iron isetshenziswa ikakhulu kuyo yonke i-hardware edingekayo ukufaka izinto ezahlukahlukene eziyingxenye yama-smartphones. Itholakala ikakhulukazi emazweni anjengeBrazil, China, Australia naseNdiya.
I-Aluminium
Isetshenziswa njengepuleti yesihlangu ukuvikela i-elekthronikhi emisebeni ye-electromagnetic kusuka ku-antenna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziselwa nokwakhiwa kwe-chassis kanye nesakhiwo sokugcina. Amazwe amakhulu lapho kutholakala khona i-aluminium yiJamaica, China, Russia ne Canada.
Copper
Kuncane esingakusho ngethusi ongalazi. Ithusi lisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izintambo namabhodi wesifunda aphrintiwe. I-Chile, i-China kanye ne-United States bangabakhiqizi abakhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Hola
Ngaphezu kwetini, ukuhola kusetshenziselwa nokwenza amanye ama-solders esingawathola ngaphakathi kwama-smartphones ngenxa yokuncipha kwawo.
Zinc
I-Zinc itholakala ku-alloy ene-aluminium nethusi esetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwemakrofoni nezipikha. Iphinde isetshenziswe ekwenzeni amabhethri. I-China, iPeru ne-Australia kulapho umkhiqizo omningi womhlaba ukhiqizwa khona.
Tin
Isetshenziswa njenge-solder exhuma izingxenye ze-smartphone kusendlalelo sethusi sebhodi. Iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwakha ungqimba ebusweni besikrini evumela ukuthi ugesi womzimba wethu uqhutshwe, okuyi-processor ihumusha ukuthi iphendule njengoba sichofoza kwenye ingxenye yesikrini lapho kukhonjiswa khona izinto zohlelo lokusebenza.
I-China, i-Indonesia ne-Peru amazwe amakhulu lapho kutholakala khona le nto.
I-Nickel
I-Nickel isetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamabhethri esingawathola kumadivayisi amaningi kagesi, hhayi kuma-smartphone kuphela. Le nto yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni somthofu, into enobungozi obukhulu kubantu.
I-Barium
Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukugqoka abaqhubi bakagesi
IPalladium
Isetshenziselwa izindawo zokuxhumana eziphakathi kwezinto ezihlukile. Amazwe amakhulu okuvela kuwo: Canada, South Africa neRussia.
Isiliva
Isetshenziswa emigqeni eqhubayo yesekethe ephrintiwe. Amazwe asemqoka avela kuwo: iPeru, iMexico, iChina, ne-Australia.
Oro
Isetshenziswe koxhumana nabo be-smartphone abakwi-SIM khadi nakubhethri. Izindondo zeMidlalo Yama-Olimpiki yaseTokyo ka-2020 (eyayibanjelwe ngonyaka ka-2021 ngenxa yobhadane lwe-coronavirus), zenziwa kuphela ngegolide elatholwa kuma-smartphone anikezwa izakhamizi zaseJapan ukuthi zisetshenziswe kabusha.
Amazwe amakhulu okuvela kuwo: China, South Africa, Australia, United States.
I-Cobalt
Isetshenziselwa ibhethri.
Amazwe asemqoka avela kuwo: IDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, China.
Tantalum
Isetshenziswe njenge-condenser.
Amazwe asemqoka avela kuwo: IDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, Brazil.
I-Gallium
Isetshenziswe kuma-LED (ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya) njengokukhanyisa kwesikrini noma ukukhanya kwekhamera.
Izwe eliyinhloko lokudabuka: Kazakhstan.
Indio
Isetshenziswe kuzikrini ze-LCD. Kuyinsimbi engajwayelekile futhi amazwe asemqoka okuvela kuwo yiChina, Canada nePeru.
Izakhi zomhlaba ezijwayelekile
Idivayisi eyodwa iqukethe izinto eziyisikhombisa iKhomishini ye-EU eyabeka njengezi "zinto zokusetshenziswa ezibucayi" noma izakhi zomhlaba ezingandile ngo-2014 futhi eziya ngokwentuleka emhlabeni wonke nokuthi ezimweni eziningi zitholwa ezimweni zobugqila ngama-mafia.
Kwamanye amazwe, lezi zinto zitholakala ezimayini ezimeni zokuphepha ezimbi kakhulu futhi lapho kungasetshenziswa buso noma izingubo zokuzivikela. Futhi, ngenxa yokuthi amaholo aphansi kakhulu, izingane kufanele zisebenze amahora amaningi ngosuku futhi kufanele zifune izinto zokusetshenziswa ngezandla zazo ngaphandle kokuvikelwa.
Amafoni aphathekayo aqukethe ezinye izinsimbi ezingavamile, isibonelo i-neodymium ne-cerium. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngamanani amancane kakhulu kumakrofoni noma kuzipikha. Ukuseshwa kwalezi zinto kuya ngokuya kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyingozi, ngakho-ke kuseshwa ezinye izindlela zokuma kuye ngazo.
Ukunakekelwa kwemvelo
Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kuphela i-13% yabasebenzisi abagcina i-smartphone yabo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2. Impela uma abasebenzisi bezazi zonke izakhi ezidingekayo zokwenza i-smartphone nezimo lapho ezinye zazo zitholakala khona, bebengacabanga kaningi ukuvuselela minyaka yonke noma njalo eminyakeni emibili yemodeli.